Classes Basics
A class is like a struct's cousin -- also a blueprint for custom things -- but everyone who has a copy actually shares the exact same object.
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Syntax
class ClassName {
var property: Type
init(property: Type) {
self.property = property
}
}
let instance = ClassName(property: value)Defining and Using a Class
A class groups properties and methods like a struct, but requires an explicit initializer to set up its stored properties.
Example: Defining and Using a Class
// Define a class `Car`
class Car {
var brand: String
var speed: Int
init(brand: String, speed: Int) {
self.brand = brand
self.speed = speed
}
}
// Declare a constant `myCar`, set to `Car(brand: "Toyota", speed: 0)`
let myCar = Car(brand: "Toyota", speed: 0)
// Print "\(myCar.brand) at \(myCar.speed) mph" to the console
print("\(myCar.brand) at \(myCar.speed) mph")Login to try C/C++/Java/PHP code in the editor
Classes Are Reference Types
Assigning a class instance to another variable does not copy it; both variables refer to the exact same object, so changes through one are visible through the other.
Example: Classes Are Reference Types
// Define a class `Car`
class Car {
var brand: String
var speed: Int
init(brand: String, speed: Int) {
self.brand = brand
self.speed = speed
}
}
// Declare a constant `carA`, set to `Car(brand: "Honda", speed: 0)`
let carA = Car(brand: "Honda", speed: 0)
// Declare a constant `carB`, set to `carA`
let carB = carA
carB.speed = 60
// Print "A speed: \(carA.speed), B speed: \(carB.speed)" to the console
print("A speed: \(carA.speed), B speed: \(carB.speed)")Login to try C/C++/Java/PHP code in the editor
Related Topics
{# common_mistakes/chapter_summary/browser_support: on Hindi pages the
view already swaps in the hi_ translation fields (or blanks these
out if untranslated), so this renders correctly for both languages
without a lang_code check here. #}
Common Mistakes
- Forgetting classes do NOT get an automatic memberwise initializer like structs do -- you must write your own
init. - Assuming assigning a class instance to a new variable copies it; classes are reference types, so both variables point to the same object.
- Confusing
==(value equality, needs custom implementation) with===(identity: are these the same object in memory).
Chapter Summary
- A
classis declared much like a struct but is a reference type. - Classes must define their own initializer; there's no automatic memberwise init.
- Assigning a class instance shares the same underlying object between variables.
===checks whether two references point to the exact same instance.
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